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Words to Know CATALYST A material that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any change in its own chemical structure. They can be toxic if ingested and are explosive if not stored properly. Prolonged use of hydrogen peroxide may cause burns on the skin, however, and the more concentrated solutions used in industry present more serious hazards. The hydrogen peroxide solutions with which people come into contact at home pose little or no health hazard because the concentration of the compound is very low, usually about3 percent. As a disinfectant in the treatment of seeds for agricultural purposes.As a neutralizing agent in the production of wines and.In the preparation of other organic and inorganic compounds.In bakeries to condition dough and make it easier to work with.Some additional uses of hydrogen peroxide include:
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Another important application of hydrogen peroxide is in water and sewage treatment plants, where its antibacterial action destroys disease-causing organisms in the water. Another nine percent is used in the bleaching of other materials, such as textiles, furs, feathers, and hair. About 55 percent of all hydrogen peroxide made in the United States is used for this purpose. In this case, it is used to bleach the materials of which paper is made, converting colored compounds to colorless compounds. The most important industrial application of hydrogen peroxide-its use in the pulp and paper industry-also depends on its oxidizing properties.
#HYDROGEN DIOXIDE SERIES#
The large amounts of hydrogen peroxide used in industry are prepared in a complex series of reactions that begins with any one of a family of compounds known as the alkyl anthrahydroquinones, such as ethyl anthrahydroquinone.
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Hydrogen peroxide is also present in plant and animal cells as the byproduct of metabolic reactions that occur in those cells. It is formed when atmospheric oxygen reacts with water to form H 2O 2. Hydrogen peroxide occurs in very small amounts in nature. Today, industrial processes make about 500 million kilograms (1 billion pounds) of hydrogen peroxide annually for use in a wide variety of applications ranging from whitening of teeth to propelling rockets. It was first used commercially in the 1800s, primarily to bleach hats. Hydrogen peroxide was discovered in 1818 by French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard (1777–1857). Hydrogen dioxide hydroperoxide peroxide FORMULA: To prevent decomposition, small amounts of inhibitors, such as acetanilide or sodium stannate are added to pure hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide solutions. Even small amounts of impurities (such as iron or copper), however, act as catalysts that increase its tendency to decompose, sometimes violently, into water and nascent oxygen (O). When absolutely pure, the compound is quite stable. Hydrogen peroxide (HY-druh-jin per-OK-side) is a clear, colorless, somewhat unstable liquid with a bitter taste.